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What is the difference between a learner's permit and a driver's license in Massachusetts?

A learner's permit allows a new driver to practice driving with a "coach" in the passenger seat. A license allows a driver to operate a motor vehicle alone.

A learner's permit allows a new driver to practice driving with a "coach" in the passenger seat. A license allows a driver to operate a motor vehicle alone. You can drive with a learner’s permit, but you always need to be with another driver who is at least 21 years old and who has a driver’s license. 

You get a learner's permit after passing a knowledge test to prove driving theory competence and understanding. You get a driver's license after passing a practical driving test to prove that you can safely operate the motor vehicle alone.